The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia,
were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain
James Cook, by whom they were named supposedly
because its sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.
(A) by whom they were named supposedly
because its
(B) by whom they were named supposedly and their
(C) naming them supposedly since their
(D) who so named them supposedly because their
(E) who so named it since supposedly their
2. Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that
there is a recovery finally under way, many
economists say that without a large amount of
spending the recovery might not last.
(A) have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally
(B) raised hopes for there being a recovery finally
(C) had raised hopes for a recovery finally being
(D) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally
(E) raised hopes for a recovery finally
3. Although various eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
American poets had professed an interest in Native
American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native
American forms in their own works, until almost 1900,
scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study
traditional Native American poetry in native
languages.
(A) until almost 1900, scholars and critics did not
begin seriously to study
(B) until almost 1900 scholars and critics had not
begun seriously studying
(C) not until almost 1900 were scholars and critics
to begin seriously to study
(D) it was not almost until 1900 when scholars and
critics began to seriously study
(E) it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and
critics seriously began studying
4. Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept
through history, maybe none is more concentrated as
the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto
American shores in little more than three decades.
(A) maybe none is more concentrated as
(B) it may be that none is more concentrated as
(C) perhaps it is none that is more concentrated
than
(D) maybe it is none that was more concentrated
than
(E) perhaps none was more concentrated than
5. Diabetes, together with its serious complications,
ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death,
surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
(A) ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of
death, surpassed only
(B) rank as the nation’s third leading cause of death,
only surpassed
(C) has the rank of the nation’s third leading cause
of death, only surpassed
(D) are the nation’s third leading causes of death,
surpassed only
(E) have been ranked as the nation’s third leading
causes of death, only surpassed
6. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the
Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for
cleaning and repair (due to moisture exhaled by
tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so
that salt from the stone was crystallizing) and fungus
was growing on the walls.
(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which
raised its humidity to such levels so that salt
from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled,
thereby raising its humidity to such levels that
salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which
had raised the humidity within them to levels
such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists
raising the humidity within them to levels so high
as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised
the humidity within them to such levels that salt
from the stone was crystallizing
7. As its sales of computer products have surpassed
those of measuring instruments, the company has
become increasingly willing to compete for the mass
market sales (they would in the past have conceded
to rivals.)
(A) they would in the past have conceded to rivals
(B) they would have conceded previously to their
rivals
(C) that in the past would have been conceded
previously to rivals
(D) it previously would have conceded to rivals in
the past
(E) it would in the past have conceded to rivals
8. The widely accepted big bang theory holds (that the
universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty
billion years ago and has been expanding) ever since.
(A) that the universe began in an explosive instant
ten to twenty billion years ago and has been
expanding
(B) that the universe had begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had
been expanding
(C) that the beginning of the universe was an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that has expanded
(D) the beginning of the universe to have been an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that is expanding
(E) the universe to have begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has
been expanding
9. (Like the idolization accorded the Brontës and
Brownings,) James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are often
subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the
distinction between the artist and the human being.
(A) Like the idolization accorded the Brontës and
Brownings,
(B) As the Brontës’ and Brownings’ idolization,
(C) Like that accorded to the Brontës and Brownings,
(D) As it is of the Brontës and Brownings,
(E) Like the Brontës and Brownings,
10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would
otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they
have a heat-exchange network (which kept) the brain
from getting too hot.
(A) which kept
(B) that keeps
(C) which has kept
(D) that has been keeping
(E) having kept
11. There are several ways to build solid walls using just
mud or clay, but the most extensively used method
has been (the forming of bricks out of mud or clay,
and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying,
they are laid) in the wall in mud mortar.
(A) the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and,
after some preliminary air drying or sun drying,
they are laid
(B) forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after
some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to
lay them
(C) having bricks formed from mud or clay, and,
after some preliminary air drying or sun drying,
they were laid
(D) to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after
some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to
lay them
(E) that bricks were formed from mud or clay,
which, after some preliminary air drying or sun
drying, were laid
12. Rising inventories, (when unaccompanied
correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead)
to production cutbacks that would hamper
economic growth.
(A) when unaccompanied correspondingly by
increases in sales, can lead
(B) when not accompanied by corresponding
increases in sales, possibly leads
(C) when they were unaccompanied by
corresponding sales increases, can lead
(D) if not accompanied by correspondingly
increased sales, possibly leads
(E) if not accompanied by corresponding increases
in sales, can lead
13. A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly
unemployment (claims suggest that the economy might
not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.)
(A) claims suggest that the economy might not be
as weak as some analysts previously thought
(B) claims suggests that the economy might not
be so weak as some analysts have previously
thought
(C) claims suggest that the economy might not be
as weak as have been previously thought by
some analysts
(D) claims, suggesting about the economy that it
might not be so weak as previously thought by
some analysts
(E) claims, suggesting the economy might not be as
weak as previously thought to be by some
analysts
14. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong
electromagnetic activity, (are visible as dark spots on
the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on)
the Sun’s poles or equator.
(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the
Sun but have never been sighted on
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been
sighted on the surface of the Sun
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots
although never sighted at
(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun,
although never having been sighted at
(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface,
which have never been sighted on
15. Warning that computers in the United States are not
secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged
the nation to revamp computer security procedures,
institute new emergency response teams, (creating a
special nongovernment organization to take ) charge of
computer security planning.
(A) creating a special nongovernment organization
to take
(B) creating a special nongovernment organization
that takes
(C) creating a special nongovernment organization
for taking
(D) and create a special nongovernment
organization for taking
(E) and create a special nongovernment
organization to take
16. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August,
intensifying expectations (that personal spending in
the July–September quarter more than doubled that)
of the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending
for the previous quarter.
(A) that personal spending in the July–September
quarter more than doubled that of
(B) that personal spending in the July–September
quarter would more than double
(C) of personal spending in the July–September
quarter, that it more than doubled
(D) of personal spending in the July–September
quarter more than doubling that of
(E) of personal spending in the July–September
quarter, that it would more than double that of
17. The commission has directed advertisers to
restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that
do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical
preservatives, (or nothing that has been )synthesized.
(A) or nothing that has been
(B) or that has been
(C) and nothing that is
(D) or anything that has been
(E) and anything
18. (Plants are more effi cient at acquiring carbon than are
fungi,) in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it
to energy-rich sugars.
(A) Plants are more effi cient at acquiring carbon
than are fungi,
(B) Plants are more effi cient at acquiring carbon
than fungi,
(C) Plants are more effi cient than fungi at acquiring
carbon,
(D) Plants, more effi cient than fungi at acquiring
carbon,
(E) Plants acquire carbon more effi ciently than fungi,
19. The Iroquois were primarily planters, (but supplementing)
their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with
fishing and hunting.
(A) but supplementing
(B) and had supplemented
(C) and even though they supplemented
(D) although they supplemented
(E) but with supplementing
20. (As contrasted with the honeybee), the yellow jacket
can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a
potent venom that can cause intense pain.
(A) As contrasted with the honeybee,
(B) In contrast to the honeybee’s,
(C) Unlike the sting of the honeybee,
(D) Unlike that of the honeybee,
(E) Unlike the honeybee,
21. Neuroscientists, having (amassed a wealth of
knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain)
and its development from birth to adulthood, are now
drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain
grows and how babies acquire language.
(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of
knowledge over the past twenty years about
the brain and its development from birth to
adulthood, are
(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of
knowledge about the brain and its development
from birth to adulthood over the past twenty
years, and are
(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge
about the brain and its development from birth
to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are
(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of
knowledge over the past twenty years about
the brain and its development from birth to
adulthood,
(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past
twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the
brain and its development from birth to
adulthood,
22. None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime
explains why most of the people exposed to the
alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely,
why so many of those not so exposed (have.)
(A) have
(B) has
(C) shall
(D) do
(E) could
23. (In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in
track competition is concentrated in a metal center,)
but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter,
thereby improving stability in fl ight and resulting in
longer throws.
(A) In a previous design, the weight of the discus
used in track competition is concentrated in a
metal center, but now it is
(B) According to a previous design, the weight of
the discus used in track competition was
concentrated in a metal center, but now it is
(C) Once designed with its weight concentrated
in a metal center, the discus used in track
competition is now
(D) The discus used in track competition, once
designed with its weight concentrated in a metal
center, but now
(E) The discus used in track competition was once
designed having its weight concentrated in a
metal center and now
24. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species,
dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the
organism’s (trying to metabolize, or render harmless,
the chemical that is irritating it.)
(A) trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the
chemical that is irritating it
(B) trying that it metabolize, or render harmless,
the chemical irritant
(C) attempt to try to metabolize, or render
harmless, such a chemical irritant
(D) attempt to try and metabolize, or render
harmless, the chemical irritating it
(E) attempt to metabolize, or render harmless,
the chemical irritant
25. (Based on accounts of various ancient writers,) scholars
have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an
all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth
century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as
Bona Dea, “the good goddess.”
(A) Based on accounts of various ancient writers,
(B) Basing it on various ancient writers’ accounts,
(C) With accounts of various ancient writers used
for a basis,
(D) By the accounts of various ancient writers
they used,
(E) Using accounts of various ancient writers,
were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain
James Cook, by whom they were named supposedly
because its sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.
(A) by whom they were named supposedly
because its
(B) by whom they were named supposedly and their
(C) naming them supposedly since their
(D) who so named them supposedly because their
(E) who so named it since supposedly their
2. Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that
there is a recovery finally under way, many
economists say that without a large amount of
spending the recovery might not last.
(A) have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally
(B) raised hopes for there being a recovery finally
(C) had raised hopes for a recovery finally being
(D) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally
(E) raised hopes for a recovery finally
3. Although various eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
American poets had professed an interest in Native
American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native
American forms in their own works, until almost 1900,
scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study
traditional Native American poetry in native
languages.
(A) until almost 1900, scholars and critics did not
begin seriously to study
(B) until almost 1900 scholars and critics had not
begun seriously studying
(C) not until almost 1900 were scholars and critics
to begin seriously to study
(D) it was not almost until 1900 when scholars and
critics began to seriously study
(E) it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and
critics seriously began studying
4. Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept
through history, maybe none is more concentrated as
the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto
American shores in little more than three decades.
(A) maybe none is more concentrated as
(B) it may be that none is more concentrated as
(C) perhaps it is none that is more concentrated
than
(D) maybe it is none that was more concentrated
than
(E) perhaps none was more concentrated than
5. Diabetes, together with its serious complications,
ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death,
surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
(A) ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of
death, surpassed only
(B) rank as the nation’s third leading cause of death,
only surpassed
(C) has the rank of the nation’s third leading cause
of death, only surpassed
(D) are the nation’s third leading causes of death,
surpassed only
(E) have been ranked as the nation’s third leading
causes of death, only surpassed
6. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the
Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for
cleaning and repair (due to moisture exhaled by
tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so
that salt from the stone was crystallizing) and fungus
was growing on the walls.
(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which
raised its humidity to such levels so that salt
from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled,
thereby raising its humidity to such levels that
salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which
had raised the humidity within them to levels
such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists
raising the humidity within them to levels so high
as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised
the humidity within them to such levels that salt
from the stone was crystallizing
7. As its sales of computer products have surpassed
those of measuring instruments, the company has
become increasingly willing to compete for the mass
market sales (they would in the past have conceded
to rivals.)
(A) they would in the past have conceded to rivals
(B) they would have conceded previously to their
rivals
(C) that in the past would have been conceded
previously to rivals
(D) it previously would have conceded to rivals in
the past
(E) it would in the past have conceded to rivals
8. The widely accepted big bang theory holds (that the
universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty
billion years ago and has been expanding) ever since.
(A) that the universe began in an explosive instant
ten to twenty billion years ago and has been
expanding
(B) that the universe had begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had
been expanding
(C) that the beginning of the universe was an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that has expanded
(D) the beginning of the universe to have been an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that is expanding
(E) the universe to have begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has
been expanding
9. (Like the idolization accorded the Brontës and
Brownings,) James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are often
subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the
distinction between the artist and the human being.
(A) Like the idolization accorded the Brontës and
Brownings,
(B) As the Brontës’ and Brownings’ idolization,
(C) Like that accorded to the Brontës and Brownings,
(D) As it is of the Brontës and Brownings,
(E) Like the Brontës and Brownings,
10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would
otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they
have a heat-exchange network (which kept) the brain
from getting too hot.
(A) which kept
(B) that keeps
(C) which has kept
(D) that has been keeping
(E) having kept
11. There are several ways to build solid walls using just
mud or clay, but the most extensively used method
has been (the forming of bricks out of mud or clay,
and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying,
they are laid) in the wall in mud mortar.
(A) the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and,
after some preliminary air drying or sun drying,
they are laid
(B) forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after
some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to
lay them
(C) having bricks formed from mud or clay, and,
after some preliminary air drying or sun drying,
they were laid
(D) to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after
some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to
lay them
(E) that bricks were formed from mud or clay,
which, after some preliminary air drying or sun
drying, were laid
12. Rising inventories, (when unaccompanied
correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead)
to production cutbacks that would hamper
economic growth.
(A) when unaccompanied correspondingly by
increases in sales, can lead
(B) when not accompanied by corresponding
increases in sales, possibly leads
(C) when they were unaccompanied by
corresponding sales increases, can lead
(D) if not accompanied by correspondingly
increased sales, possibly leads
(E) if not accompanied by corresponding increases
in sales, can lead
13. A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly
unemployment (claims suggest that the economy might
not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.)
(A) claims suggest that the economy might not be
as weak as some analysts previously thought
(B) claims suggests that the economy might not
be so weak as some analysts have previously
thought
(C) claims suggest that the economy might not be
as weak as have been previously thought by
some analysts
(D) claims, suggesting about the economy that it
might not be so weak as previously thought by
some analysts
(E) claims, suggesting the economy might not be as
weak as previously thought to be by some
analysts
14. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong
electromagnetic activity, (are visible as dark spots on
the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on)
the Sun’s poles or equator.
(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the
Sun but have never been sighted on
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been
sighted on the surface of the Sun
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots
although never sighted at
(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun,
although never having been sighted at
(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface,
which have never been sighted on
15. Warning that computers in the United States are not
secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged
the nation to revamp computer security procedures,
institute new emergency response teams, (creating a
special nongovernment organization to take ) charge of
computer security planning.
(A) creating a special nongovernment organization
to take
(B) creating a special nongovernment organization
that takes
(C) creating a special nongovernment organization
for taking
(D) and create a special nongovernment
organization for taking
(E) and create a special nongovernment
organization to take
16. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August,
intensifying expectations (that personal spending in
the July–September quarter more than doubled that)
of the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending
for the previous quarter.
(A) that personal spending in the July–September
quarter more than doubled that of
(B) that personal spending in the July–September
quarter would more than double
(C) of personal spending in the July–September
quarter, that it more than doubled
(D) of personal spending in the July–September
quarter more than doubling that of
(E) of personal spending in the July–September
quarter, that it would more than double that of
17. The commission has directed advertisers to
restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that
do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical
preservatives, (or nothing that has been )synthesized.
(A) or nothing that has been
(B) or that has been
(C) and nothing that is
(D) or anything that has been
(E) and anything
18. (Plants are more effi cient at acquiring carbon than are
fungi,) in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it
to energy-rich sugars.
(A) Plants are more effi cient at acquiring carbon
than are fungi,
(B) Plants are more effi cient at acquiring carbon
than fungi,
(C) Plants are more effi cient than fungi at acquiring
carbon,
(D) Plants, more effi cient than fungi at acquiring
carbon,
(E) Plants acquire carbon more effi ciently than fungi,
19. The Iroquois were primarily planters, (but supplementing)
their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with
fishing and hunting.
(A) but supplementing
(B) and had supplemented
(C) and even though they supplemented
(D) although they supplemented
(E) but with supplementing
20. (As contrasted with the honeybee), the yellow jacket
can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a
potent venom that can cause intense pain.
(A) As contrasted with the honeybee,
(B) In contrast to the honeybee’s,
(C) Unlike the sting of the honeybee,
(D) Unlike that of the honeybee,
(E) Unlike the honeybee,
21. Neuroscientists, having (amassed a wealth of
knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain)
and its development from birth to adulthood, are now
drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain
grows and how babies acquire language.
(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of
knowledge over the past twenty years about
the brain and its development from birth to
adulthood, are
(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of
knowledge about the brain and its development
from birth to adulthood over the past twenty
years, and are
(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge
about the brain and its development from birth
to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are
(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of
knowledge over the past twenty years about
the brain and its development from birth to
adulthood,
(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past
twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the
brain and its development from birth to
adulthood,
22. None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime
explains why most of the people exposed to the
alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely,
why so many of those not so exposed (have.)
(A) have
(B) has
(C) shall
(D) do
(E) could
23. (In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in
track competition is concentrated in a metal center,)
but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter,
thereby improving stability in fl ight and resulting in
longer throws.
(A) In a previous design, the weight of the discus
used in track competition is concentrated in a
metal center, but now it is
(B) According to a previous design, the weight of
the discus used in track competition was
concentrated in a metal center, but now it is
(C) Once designed with its weight concentrated
in a metal center, the discus used in track
competition is now
(D) The discus used in track competition, once
designed with its weight concentrated in a metal
center, but now
(E) The discus used in track competition was once
designed having its weight concentrated in a
metal center and now
24. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species,
dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the
organism’s (trying to metabolize, or render harmless,
the chemical that is irritating it.)
(A) trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the
chemical that is irritating it
(B) trying that it metabolize, or render harmless,
the chemical irritant
(C) attempt to try to metabolize, or render
harmless, such a chemical irritant
(D) attempt to try and metabolize, or render
harmless, the chemical irritating it
(E) attempt to metabolize, or render harmless,
the chemical irritant
25. (Based on accounts of various ancient writers,) scholars
have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an
all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth
century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as
Bona Dea, “the good goddess.”
(A) Based on accounts of various ancient writers,
(B) Basing it on various ancient writers’ accounts,
(C) With accounts of various ancient writers used
for a basis,
(D) By the accounts of various ancient writers
they used,
(E) Using accounts of various ancient writers,
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